Albert Szenci Molnár (1574-1634)

According to the testimony of the album of his correspondence, the Calvinist intellectual, Albert Szenci Molnár belongs to those Hungarian humanists who had a considerable reputation amongst their western contemporaries. The young Molnár was a typical wandering scholar (peregrinator) of his time studying at different universities and colleges in the Holy Empire such as of Wittenberg, Strassburg, Heidelberg, Altdorf, Herborn, etc.

Above all, Molnár was well known because of his Hungarian translation of the psalms (Psalterium Ungaricum, Herborn, 1607). His work was mainly based on the German psalter of Ambrosius Lobwasser. Johann Henrich Alsted in his Specimen musicae Ebraicae (Heidelberg, 1608) ranked Molnár among the most important contemporary translators of psalms. Martin Opitz in the dedicatory pages of his Die Klage-Lieder Jeremiae (Görlitz, 1626) mentioned the Hungarian author among the best translators. Caspar Waser in his comentary of Konrad Gesner's Mithridates (2nd ed. 1610) refuted Gesner's statement on the unsuitability of the Hungarian language for translating the Bible quoting Molnár's version of the Oratio Dominica from his psalter as an outstanding example.

At first sight, it might be strange that an exotic translation of the psalms could be one of the most important reasons for Molnár to become popular among his German contemporaries. In addition to the significance of all vernacular versions of the Book of Psalms for the reformed church and their intelligentsia, the Hungarian psalmbook possibly had a special importance. In this time it was not rare to regard the odd Hungarian language as a very ancient one close to Hebrew, the ancestor of all languages. Alsted in his influential Systema mnemonicum duplex (Frankfurt, 1610), for instance, counted Hungarian among the eldest languages close to Hebrew. By means of a mistaken etimology, Bartholome Keckermann in his epigram to Molnár's Dictionarium Latinoungaricum (Nürnberg, 1604) dedicated to Rudolf II maintained the idea that Hungarian was the direct successor of Hebrew.

The other example of western interest in Hungarian in this period is the case of the Rosicrucian Mauritzius Landgraf of Hesse-Kassel, a leading figure of the early modern Hermeticist and occult court-representation in the Holy Empire. In addition to this, Mauritzius was a Sprachgenie. According to Molnár, besides almost a dozen European languages and of course Latin, Greek and Hebrew Mauritzius also spoke Hungarian. Molnár enjoyed the Landgraf's generous support both financially and intellectually. Therefore, the Hungarian scholar dedicated his Ramist Novae Grammaticae Ungaricae ... libri duo (Hanau, 1610) and the Psalterium to Mauritzius, another important German translator of psalms.

In addition to the significance of Molnár's psalter, his Lusus poetici (Hanau, 1614) an anthology of Latin technopaegnia had considerable impact on intellectual activities in the Holy Empire, especially of Rudolphine poets. Caspar Dornau a Silezian scholar and diplomat re-edited most of the texts of Molnár's anthology in his Amphiteatrum Sapientiae (Hanau, 1619).

On the occasion of Molnár’s funeral in 1634 in Kolozsvár Alsted and J. H. Bisterfeld wrote the following epitaphia:

Hungariae cunas, curas calami thalamique / Debeo Teutoniae; Dacia dat tumulum.” (Alsted)

Szentz me progenuit; Musarum semina prima / Cassovia insevit, tum Debrecina Schola. / Nutrix prima fuit sed Vittemberga; Secunda / Argentina, a qua laurea nexa mihi est. / Gallia, quam colui, fida ac Helvetia: tandem / Roma meis studiis praebuit hospitium. / Hinc reducem blande me Norica terra recepit, / Hejdelberga diu mater et alma fuit. / Juvit et Herbornae pia Musa, sed inclyta prorsus / Mauritii Herois cura favorque cluit. / Istis subsidiis Patriae servire paratus, / Lexicon instructum, Grammaticamque dedi. / Hungarice per me loqueris Calvine: secundo / Sancta labore meo Biblia tersa nitent. / Pignora certa dedi, poterit queis addere prelum / Ingenui studii posthuma plura mei. / Musa mihi favit, sed non Fortuna; fuitque / Teutonia auxilium; sed Patria exilium. / Quam precor, ut nostrae soboli det tanta laborum / Praemia, certo ex his commoda quanta capit.” (Bisterfeld)

(During the Ungarnprogram of the Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel, one can inspect some of Molnár's works at the exhibition in the Augusta organised by the HAB and Katalin Németh S. librarian of the Institute for Literary Studies at the Hungarian Academy of Arts and Sciences.)